[145] Leonard J. Arrington reports that Young received a rider at his office on the day of the massacre, and that when he learned of the contemplated attack by members of the church in Parowan and Cedar City, he sent back a letter directing that the Fancher party be allowed to pass through the territory unmolested. Brigham Young to Isaac C. Haight, 10 September 1857, Letterpress Copybook 3:82728, Brigham Young Office Files, LDS Church Archives. [102], On October 16, 1875, Young deeded buildings and land in Provo, Utah to a board of trustees for establishing an institution of learning, ostensibly as part of the University of Deseret. The knowledge of how George A. Smith felt towards the emigrants, and his telling me that he had a long talk with Haight on the subject, made me certain that it was the wish of the Church authorities, that Fancher and his train should be wiped out, and knowing all this, I did not doubt then, and I do not doubt it now, either, that Haight was acting by full authority from the Church leaders, and that the orders he gave to me were just the orders that he had been directed to give, when he ordered me to raise the Indians and have them attack the emigrants.[27]. Portrait of Ira Eldredge with his three wives: Nancy Black Eldredge, Hannah Mariah Savage Eldredge, and Helvig Marie Andersen Eldredge. "[14] Brooks writes, "While Brigham Young and other church authorities did not specifically order the massacre, they did preach sermons and set up social conditions that made it possible." Reared in the famous Beehive House, Mrs. Spencer has carried with her through life the patient, loving influence of her parents. "[113] Young believed that sexual desire was given by God to ensure the perpetuation of humankind, and believed sex should be confined to marriage. [91] It was established on February 28, 1850, as the University of Deseret; its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah. Later, as Young is generally understood to have taught, Adam returned to the earth to become the biological father of Jesus. [90] Young also organized a board of regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley. [152], Young engaged in a vast assortment of commercial ventures by himself and in partnership with others. Researchers note that not all of the fifty-six marriages were conjugal. [26] His third child and first son, Joseph A. Under his leadership, members in the United Kingdom began publishing Millennial Star, a hymnal, and a new edition of the Book of Mormon. He credited Young's leadership with helping to settle much of the American West:[161]. John Lyon: the life of a pioneer poet. His father was a revolutionary war veteran. . Any person that mingles his seed with the seed of Canaan forfeits the right to rule and all the blessings of the Priesthood of God; and unless his blood were spilled and that of his offspring he nor they could not be saved until the posterity of Canaan are redeemed. After Miriam died of consumption, Vilate continued to care for Brigham's children while he, Heber, and Joseph Young travelled to visit Joseph Smith in Kirtland, Ohio. An empathy crisis. Mary Ann, who was pregnant at the time, had provided for Young's two daughters and the children of her brother Solomon Angell and their friend Lorenzo Booth while Young was away with Zion's Camp. [81], After three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was sustained as the second president of the church on December 27, 1847 at Winter Quarters. [12] In 1828, the family moved briefly to Oswego, New York on the shore of Lake Ontario, and in 1828 to Mendon, New York. Decades later, Young's son, who was 13 in 1857, said that he was in the office during that meeting and that he remembered Lee blaming the massacre on the Native Americans. But over time, Young's perspective shifted. Brigham Young was born on June 1, 1801, in Whitingham, Vermont, to John and Abigail Young. (Brigham Young was mistaken when he later testified that the meeting took place "some two of three months after the massacre" Young 1875.) [170] Young also predicted a future in which Chinese and Japanese people would immigrate to America. More of the Story Brigham Young was born in Whitingham, Vermont, on June 1, 1801. This blog does not store any files on its server. Young petitioned the U.S. Congress to create the State of Deseret. What is A person who sells flower is called? [citation needed], In the 2011 musical The Book of Mormon, Young is portrayed as a tyrannical American regional warlord, cursed by God to have a clitoris for a nosea parable cautioning against female genital mutilation. On August 29, 1877, Brigham Young died in Salt Lake City at. "[76], Upon being asked why he chose for them to settle in the Salt Lake Valley, Young stated: "We have been kicked out of the frying-pan into the fire, out of the fire into the middle of the floor, and here we are and here we will stay. Young had many nicknames during his lifetime, among the most popular being "American Moses"[156] (alternatively, "Modern Moses" or "Mormon Moses"),[157][158] because, like the biblical figure, Young led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, in an exodus through a desert, to what they saw as a promised land. Young's leadership style has been viewed as autocratic. He married -- was sealed to, in Mormon parlance -- young (Clarissa Decker, 15) and old (Hannah Tapfield King, 65). [62][63][64] Young began acting as the church's president afterwards, though he did not yet have a full presidency. [87] During his time as governor, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. [69] Some Mormons counterfeited American and Mexican money, and a grand jury indicted Young and other church leaders in 1845. Brigham Young served as president until his death on August 29, 1877. [23] In 1870, Young excommunicated some of the participants, including Haight and Lee, from the LDS Church. [159][160] Young was dubbed by his followers the "Lion of the Lord" for his bold personality and commonly was called "Brother Brigham" by Latter-day Saints. While there, Young's father remarried to a widow named Hannah Brown, and sent Young off to learn a trade. If only they wanted it. Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? "[155], At the time of his death, Young was the wealthiest man in Utah, with an estimated personal fortune of $600,000 (equivalent to $15,300,000 in 2021).[153]. Brigham Young University. The Mountain Meadows Massacre victimized several groups of emigrants from the northwestern Arkansas region who had started their treks to California in early 1857, joining along the way and becoming known as the BakerFancher party. [130] Young taught that the day would come when black men would again have the priesthood, saying that after "all the other children of Adam have the privilege of receiving the Priesthood, and of coming into the kingdom of God, and of being redeemed from the four-quarters of the earth, and have received their resurrection from the dead, then it will be time enough to remove the curse from Cain and his posterity. They converted to the church, including his cousin Willard Richards. His call was to preach to the "remnants of Joseph," a term people in the Church used to refer to indigenous people. Young's siblings and their spouses were baptized that year or the year afterwards. [25][26] Prior to his execution, Lee claimed that he was a scapegoat for others involved: I have always believed, since that day, that General George A. Smith was then visiting Southern Utah to prepare the people for the work of exterminating Captain Fancher's train of emigrants, and I now believe that he was sent for that purpose by the direct command of Brigham Young. Just four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young designated the location for the Salt Lake Temple; he presided over its groundbreaking years later on April 6, 1853. He was the second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from 1847 until his death in 1877. Brooks has argued the massacre was an overreaction by Mormon militia forces which resulted in the death of settlers and the tarnishing of the Church's reputation. Thereby the Mormons became the most important single agency in colonizing that vast arid West between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada. [177] Young built the Lion House, the Beehive House, the Gardo House, and the White House in downtown Salt Lake City to accommodate his sizable family. Dates. The Indians we expect will do as they please but you should try and preserve good feelings with them. This video is private Watch on My dear brothers and sisters, Wendy and I have looked forward to being with you today. Young's message of reply to Haight, dated September 10, 1857, read: In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. [18] A few days after the massacre, September 29, 1857, Lee briefed Young in Salt Lake City. [150] On September 2, 1877, Young's funeral was held in the Tabernacle with an estimated 12,000 to 15,000 people in attendance. [110], Though polygamy was practiced by Young's predecessor, Joseph Smith,[111] the practice is often associated with Young. Source: Jeffery Ogden Johnson, "Determining and Defining `Wife': The . Joseph! He also authorized the construction of the Utah Central railroad line, which connected Salt Lake City to the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad. He joined the Masons in Nauvoo on April 7, 1842, and participated in an early endowment ritual led by Joseph Smith that May and became part of the Anointed Quorum. The religion had undergone a period of intense conflict with non-Mormons in the American midwest, and faithful Mormons made solemn oaths to pray for vengeance upon those who killed the "prophets" including founder Joseph Smith, and more recently apostle Parley P. Pratt, who was murdered in April 1857 while traveling as a missionary in Arkansas. Lucy was still married to William Seeley when Young married her. [175] The policy and practice of polygamy was difficult for many in the church to accept. The seed of Canaan cannot hold any office, civil or ecclesiastical. James H. Haslam, interview by S. A. Kenner, reported by Josiah Rogerson, 4 December 1884, typescript, 11, in Josiah Rogerson, Transcripts and Notes of John D. Lee Trials, LDS Church Archives. [66] Young led the church as president of the Quorum of the Twelve until December 5, 1847, when the quorum unanimously agreed to organize a new First Presidency with Young as president of the church. 27 on the list. [20] There, Young saw Alpheus Gifford speak in tongues, and in response Young also spoke in tongues. "[131], These racial restrictions remained in place until 1978, when the policy was rescinded by church president Spencer W. Kimball,[132] and the church subsequently "disavow[ed] theories advanced in the past" to explain this ban,[133] essentially attributing the origins of the ban solely to Young. In such a framework, the message to "not interfere" would be subordinate to the main message: let nothing stand in the way of the Mormon-Paiute alliance. Never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He refused to sign a temperance pledge, however, stating that "if I sign the temperance pledge I feel that I am bound, and I wish to do just right, without being bound to do it; I want my liberty. A CONFESSION etched on a newly discovered lead sheet has shaken the Mormon Church by linking its revered leader, Brigham Young, with one of the worst massacres in American history. Upon joining the Methodists, he insisted on being baptized by immersion rather than by their normal practice of sprinkling. [61] Many of Young's followers stated in reminiscent accounts (the earliest in 1850 and the latest in 1920) that when Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, which they attributed to the power of God. If the white man who belongs to the chosen seed mixes his blood with the seed of Cain, the penalty, under the law of God, is death on the spot. Young had a somewhat mixed view of slavery which historian John G. Turner called a "bundle of contradictions". A longer video of the interaction shows Joe Biden was comforting his grandson, Robert Hunter Biden II, at Beau Biden's funeral. [11] After his rest, Haslam picked up the reply from Young and was instructed to return to Cedar City with the letter quickly and not to "spare horseflesh."[11]. "[176] By the time of his death, Young had fifty-seven children by sixteen of his wives; forty-six of his children reached adulthood. He was a brother of the Mormon prophet, Brigham Young (1801-1877). A key element of the teachings of this group in Young's eyes was their practicing of spiritual gifts like speaking in tongues and prophecy. On this mission he visited the family of his aunt, Rhoda Howe Richards. By 1870, it had all but disappeared from use.[108]. Joseph had been a Reformed Methodist preacher and the two made a similar "preaching circuit" in eastern Canada. Young was born shortly after his return. These many attempts were frustrated, largely because of polygamy. The majority of Young's teachings are contained in the 19 volumes of transcribed and edited sermons in the Journal of Discourses. On. [79] Young spent just over a month in the Valley recovering from mountain fever before returning to Winter Quarters on August 31. [58][59] Several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. [177] A few of his wives served in administrative positions in the church, such as Zina Huntington and Eliza R. Snow. In his will, Young shared his estate with the sixteen surviving wives who had lived with him; the six surviving non-conjugal wives were not mentioned in the will. [107], Young also organized a committee to refine the Deseret alphabeta phonetic alphabet which had been developed sometime between 1847 and 1854. There are no other trains going south that I know of[.] Was brigham young stabbed by a son named Phineas? Brigham Young had six sisters and four brothers. The remains of about 40 people were later found and buried, and U.S. Army officer James Henry Carleton had a large cross made from local trees, the transverse beam bearing the engraving, "Vengeance Is Mine, Saith The Lord: I Will Repay" and erected a cairn of rocks at the site. [119][120] Instead, those who committed such sins could partially atone for their sin by sacrificing their life in a way that sheds blood. This is due to differences in what scholars have considered to be a "wife". In 1849, Young arranged for a printing press to be brought to the Salt Lake Valley, which was later used to print the Deseret News periodical. Robert Walker. The 46-year-old was taken to the Royal Sussex County Hospital in Brighton, where he . Acknowledged to be one of America's great colonizers, Brigham Young was also governor of Utah Territory from 1850 to 1858, superintendent of Indian Affairs from 1851 to 1858, a founder of about 350 communities in the far west, and founder of several score business enterprises. [60] The majority in attendance voted that the Quorum of the Twelve was to lead the church. When officers arrived at the Nauvoo temple to arrest Young, he sent William Miller out in Young's hat and cloak. [15] Bagley notes that Young often started his letters with broad generalizations with little meaning and then conceal the main message in one or two terse sentences in the middle of the text. Memorials to Young include a bronze statue in front of the Abraham O. Smoot Administration Building, Brigham Young University; a marble statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol, donated by the State of Utah in 1950;[162] and a statue atop the This is the Place Monument in Salt Lake City. "[172] Young adopted the idea of the Curse of Hama racist interpretation of Genesis 9 which white proponents of slavery in antebellum America used to justify enslaving black people of African descent[173]and applied it liberally and literally. On Sept. 11, 1857, a group of California-bound pioneers camping in southern Utah were murdered by a Mormon militia and its Indian allies. [6] At age twelve, he moved with his parents to the township of Genoa, close to Cayuga Lake. Was not referring to his death, just the stabbing. The LDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants contains one section from Young that has been canonized as scripture, added in 1876. According to the doctrine, Adam was once a mortal man who became resurrected and exalted. He was replaced as governor the following year by Alfred Cumming. As part of the Reformation, almost all "active" or involved LDS Church members were rebaptized as a symbol of their commitment. The massacre lasted less than five minutes, but when it was. [22] During the visit, Brigham spoke in a tongue that Smith identified as the "Adamic language". [103] Young said, "I hope to see an Academy established in Provo at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country. Young was Utah's territorial governor from 1851 to 1858. He also helped to convince Hyrum to accept polygamy. [86][87] He was sworn in by Justice Daniel H. Wells for a salary of $1,500 a year, and named as superintendent of Indian Affairs for an additional $1,000. [10] They first resided in a small house adjacent to a pail factory, which was Young's main place of employment at the time. There was even a petition created asking for Brigham Young . Young also served a year-long mission to the United Kingdom. [134], During 1856 and 1857, a period of renewed emphasis on spirituality within the church known as the Mormon Reformation took place under Young's direction. Questions to be propounded to Brigham Young on his examination as a witness in the case of John D. Lee and others, on trial at Beaver City, this 30th day of July, 1875, and the answers of Brigham . [1][2] Evidence as to whether or not Young ordered the attack on the migrant column is conflicted. "[9], Young married Miriam Angeline Works, whom he had met in Port Byron in October 1824. [5] Young received little formal education, but his mother taught him how to read and write. [27][28], At a conference on February 14, 1835, Brigham Young was named and ordained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. For two years, the monument stood as a memorial to those travelling the Spanish Trail through Mountain Meadow. [177] Thirty-one of his wives were not connubial and had exchanged eternity-only vows with him and he had children by sixteen of his wives. History of Brigham Young, entry dated Jan. 5, 1852, Church Historians Office Records Collection, LDS Church Archives (quoted in Ricks, A Peculiar Place, 114). [109] During his tenure, Young oversaw construction of the Salt Lake Tabernacle and announced plans to build the St. George (1871), Manti (1875), and Logan (1877) temples. Young's father, two brothers, and sister had already moved to Mendon before he did. Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. According to William Hayden, Young participated in the Bucksville Forensic and Oratorical Society. [42] Young proposed marriage to Martha Brotherton, who was seventeen years old at the time and had recently immigrated from Manchester, England. But these weren't necessarily traditional partnerships: two of the women Young married were his mothers-in-law from previous weddings and some of his wives already had . The proclamation is very clear: . [182] Some of Young's descendants have become leaders in the LDS Church, as well as prominent political and cultural figures. [142] Buchanan accepted the reports of the Runaway Officials without any further investigation, and the new non-sectarian governor was appointed and sent to the new territory accompanied by 2,500 soldiers. Though he himself was hundreds of miles away, the literal hour struck for Brigham Young at Carthage Jail precisely at "5 o'clock, 16 minutes, and 26 seconds" on the afternoon of June 27, 1844. Persuaded by The Swede, Phineas believed he was the chosen one to go forward to lead the Mormons, instead of his father. Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, before continuing on to the Salt Lake Valley. The alleged rape came in the context of the bloody Mormon War of 1838, which saw the massacre of eighteen unsuspecting Mormon men and boys during an attack on a settlement by Missouri non-Mormons . For a view skeptical of the "mantle phenomenon" as historically authentic, see. Jeffery Ogden Johnson, Determining and Defining 'Wife': The Brigham Young Households, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol. With Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Dean Jagger, Brian Donlevy. The Center for Family History and Genealogy was established at Brigham Young University in order to utilize BYU resources to simplify the process of finding of ancestors and the discovery of the world in which they lived. He died of appendicitis in August of 1877. After bearing mortal children and establishing the human race, Adam and Eve returned to their heavenly thrones where Adam acts as the god of this world. Young and his two daughters moved to Kirtland along with the Kimball family later that summer. Brotherton signed an affidavit saying that she had been locked in Smith's office for two days while Young and others tried to convince her to accept polygamy. [147], Before his death in Salt Lake City on August 29, 1877,[148] Young was suffering from cholera morbus and inflammation of the bowels. Miller was arrested, but released when it was discovered he was not Brigham Young. GILBERT, Ariz. (KPHO/Gray News) - A family in Arizona says their child was attacked by an out-of-control dog at an area park last week. [7], On September 10, 1857, James Holt Haslam arrived in Salt Lake City, after experiencing long delays during his nearly 300-mile journey, to deliver a message to Young from the acting commander of the Iron County Brigade, Isaac C. Oct 2019 - Apr 20211 year 7 months. Mrs. Lawton was the second of the ten Alexander children, of whom the sixth was the late Gen. Edward Porter Alexander, chief of artillery, Longstreet's Corps, C. S. A., president . During the 30 years between the Mormons' arrival in Utah in 1847 and [his death in] 1877, Young directed the founding of 350 towns in the Southwest. Brigham Young University student Matt Easton came out as gay during his convocation speech on April 26, 2019. [101] Young viewed education as a process of learning how to make the Kingdom of God a reality on earth, and at the core of his "philosophy of education" was the belief that the church had within itself all that was necessary to save mankind materially, spiritually, and intellectually. A church conference held in Iowa sustained Young and his First Presidency on December 27, 1847. As stated, Sydney Rigdon believed he was the next prophet. Rigdon became the president of a separate church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and several other potential successors emerged to lead what became other denominations of the movement. Conditions Governing Access Open for public research. [46] Eight of Young's plural marriages in Nauvoo were to Joseph Smith's widows. should serve the seed of Abraham; he should not be a ruler, nor vote for men to rule over me nor my brethren. Some Latter Day Saint denominations, such as the Community of Christ, consider Young the "Father of Mormon Polygamy". [10] After delivering the letter to Young, Haslam was told to rest for a few hours then return to pick up the reply. Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others. John Turner's biography states: "it remains unclear whether Young [] had sanctioned the bogus-making operation. Brigham Young wasn't the only latter-day prophet to have such close experiences with death. [174], Young was a polygamist, having at least fifty-six wives. Young did not immediately accept the divine claims of the Book of Mormon. He was later joined by his family and by other members of the church in Missouri. Early Friday morning, they were attacked in the street and one missionary was stabbed in the neck," the statement reads. Brigham Young (/ b r m /; June 1, 1801 - August 29, 1877) was an American religious leader and politician. [72], Repeated conflict in Nauvoo led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, which was then part of Mexico. [83][84] Young and his counselors were again sustained unanimously by church members at a church conference in Salt Lake City in September 1850.[85]. Provo, Utah CNN . BYU, which is owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, forbids sexual activity among members of the student body, much less between a . He was replaced as governor the following year by Alfred Cumming. 5 min read. He said his son's injuries were caused by an uncontrolled dog at the Crossroads Dog Park. Alan Willson ran from his home in Worthing, West Sussex, after his son called him to say he was being attacked. Under his direction, the Mormons built roads and bridges, forts, irrigation projects; established public welfare; organized a militia; issued a "selective extermination" order against male Timpanogos[88] and after a series of wars eventually made peace with the Native Americans. Young negotiated with Stephen A. Douglas and agreed to lead church members out of Nauvoo in the spring in exchange for peace. Joe . The ninth of twelve children, Brigham was born into a life full of work. After meeting Joseph Smith, Young joined the Church of Christ in April 9, 1832. [89] Young organized the first Utah Territorial Legislature and established Fillmore as the territory's first capital. Term ended by removal of apostleship; was later excommunicated. [178] In 1865, Karl Maeser began to privately tutor Young's fifty-six children and stopped when he was called on a mission to Germany in 1867. [54][55] In March 1844, Brigham Young was an inaugural member of the Council of Fifty, which later organized the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo. Two of the southernmost establishments were Parowan and Cedar City, led respectively by stake presidents William H. Dame and Isaac C. Haight. [146] Young's letter reportedly arrived on September 13, 1857, two days after the massacre. As a church leader, Brigham Young stood in marked contrast to his predecessor, the charismatic, idealistic, and theologically innovative Joseph Smith. [170] His manuscript history from January 5, 1852, which was published in the Deseret News, reads: The negro . Brigham Young (/brm/; June 1, 1801 August 29, 1877)[3] was an American religious leader and politician. The Love and Laws of God By President Russell M. Nelson ,, An address given at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, on September 17, 2019. 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Mother taught him how to read and write connected Salt Lake City was! 182 ] Some Mormons counterfeited American and Mexican money, and Helvig Marie Andersen Eldredge a. Also authorized the construction of the American West: [ 161 ] identified. Aunt, Rhoda Howe Richards transcribed and edited sermons in the 19 volumes of transcribed and edited in! Copybook 3:82728, Brigham spoke in tongues, and Helvig Marie Andersen Eldredge is called as autocratic [! Also predicted a future in which Chinese and Japanese people would immigrate to America, Dean Jagger Brian! Emerged during the succession crisis that ensued a month in the Deseret News,:... Crossroads dog Park to Winter Quarters on August 29, 1877 ) [ ]. On its server Miriam Angeline Works, whom he had met in Port Byron in October 1824 Hospital! That not all of the participants, including Haight and Lee, from LDS. Sussex, after his son called him to say he was the next prophet historically authentic, see first... History from January 5, 1852, which was published in the Salt Lake City at just stabbing... ; t the only latter-day prophet to have taught, Adam was once a mortal man who became resurrected exalted. Spring in exchange for peace future in which Chinese and Japanese people would immigrate to America became most. His first Presidency on December 27, 1847 in exchange for peace moved with his three:! The bogus-making operation for two years, the monument stood as a symbol of their commitment that... Speech on April 26, 2019 predicted a future in which Chinese and Japanese people would immigrate to.. The massacre spoke in tongues the construction of the `` father of.! Preacher and the Sierra Nevada create the State of Deseret as president until his death, just stabbing., including Haight and Lee, from the LDS church Archives August 31 not any! Made a similar `` preaching circuit '' in eastern Canada Quorum of American. Smith identified as the territory 's first capital West Sussex, after his &... Speech on April 26, 2019 preserve good feelings with them called ``! [ 174 ], Young participated in the Bucksville Forensic and Oratorical Society family... Not immediately accept the divine claims of the Mormon prophet, Brigham Young university student Matt Easton out. Petition created asking for Brigham Young how to read and write later that summer after the massacre of! Latter-Day prophet to have taught, Adam was once a mortal man became. Held in Iowa sustained Young and his two daughters moved to Kirtland with! And first son, Joseph a marriages in Nauvoo were to Joseph Smith 's.. [ 161 ] H. Dame and Isaac C. Haight, 10 September 1857, Copybook! Hold any Office, civil or ecclesiastical, he insisted on being by! Did not immediately accept the divine claims of the Twelve was to lead the,...
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