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The mutation causes a lowered production of melanin which is a pigment located in the eyes that determines its color. Blue eyes are an inherited trait. "Originally, we all had brown eyes" said Eiberg. And some peoples eyes have different shades in different parts of the iris. Rather than including a blue pigment, they actually just lack the pigment that makes eyes brown. Cylindrical cells are the photoreceptors of the eye that have a black and white vision and, depending on the amount of light received from the environment, determine the amount of darkness and brightness of objects. It often develops as you age and is the leading cause of vision loss for people over 55. However, a blue-eyed child is almost certain if both parents have blue eyes. Nevertheless, both figures leave Estonia among the top countries that have the most blondes and blue eyes as a percentage of population. [92] People with light-colored eyes, however, performed better at so-called "self-paced tasks", which include activities like hitting a golf ball or throwing baseballs. [12] A specific mutation within the HERC2 gene, a gene that regulates OCA2 expression, is partly responsible for blue eyes. [45], Green eyes probably result from the interaction of multiple variants within the OCA2 and other genes. Heterochromia is extremely rare in humans, and less than 1% of the worlds population has this condition. [54] In 2008, new research tracked down one genetic mutation that leads to blue eyes. Medicaid: Eligibility and Vision Benefits. [82], Wilson's disease involves a mutation of the gene coding for the enzyme ATPase 7B, which prevents copper within the liver from entering the Golgi apparatus in cells. A mosaic can have two different colored eyes if the DNA difference happens to be in an eye-color gene. This anomaly, which film producers thought would be disturbing to film audiences, was "corrected" by having Van Cleef wear brown contact lenses. Iris color and associated pathological ocular complications: a review of epidemiologic studies. [92] In another study, people with darker eyes performed better at hitting racquetballs. 2000-2023 AAV Media, LLC. Give Orange. [4] This is the same scattering that accounts for the blue appearance of the sky. SEE RELATED: Is blue the rarest eye color? Blue is the second most common eye color globally, with estimates suggesting that 8-10% of people have blue eyes. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black, depending on the concentration of melanin in the iris pigment epithelium (located on the back of the iris), the melanin content within the iris stroma (located at the front of the iris), and the cellular density of the stroma. Send a Message. In fact, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) claims that everyone on the planet had brown eyes around 10,000 years ago. All About Vision and AllAboutVision.com are registered trademarks of AAV Media, LLC. [51], The green color is caused by the combination of: 1) an amber or light brown pigmentation in the stroma of the iris (which has a low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the Rayleigh scattering of reflected light. The incidence of blue eyes continues to decline among American children. (The name of the gene is derived from the disorder it causes, oculocutaneous albinism type II.) Black People With Blue Eyes. The mutation, A111T, is found most commonly in Ireland and all . Report. If you have ever been lucky enough to catch a glimpse of someone with stunning blue eyes, then congratulations, you are seeing one of nature's rarest wonders! The content on this site is for informational purposes only. It shows that in most of Scotland and Ireland, as well as a random patch in central Russia, 10% of people are of the ginger genre. Grey 0%. This is due to meager amounts of melanin in the iris, which allows the underlying blood vessels to show through. As being one of the Baltic peoples, Latvians expectedly have very high percentage of the blue-eyed and blond population. Perhaps not surprising, at the very bottom of the list with an approximate 16 percent blue-eyed population sits the United States and Spain. While researchers have not pinpointed the exact cause yet, they do know that besides age, women with fair skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes have a significantly higher chance of developing macular degeneration. [100] There are three pigment colors that determine, depending on their proportion, the outward appearance of the iris, along with structural color. Since I think weve had enough of scientific introduction to this subject, lets now get to meet the top countries that have the most blondes and blue eyes as a percentage ofpopulation. Contact an eye doctor if you need medical attention. Light brown eye color is most common in Europe, West Asia, and the Americas. [102], "Iris color" redirects here. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples, while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue. Hazel eyes: What determines hazel eye color? Photochromic lenses are another way to protect blue eyes from UV radiation. A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of your eye (the clear part of the eye that helps to focus light). For example, researchers are looking at the connection between having blue eyes and: Eye health providers remind almost everyone with blue eyes to wear sunglasses to reduce their risk of potential eye cancers like eye melanoma. In severe forms of albinism, there is no pigment on the back of the iris, and light from inside the eye can pass through the iris to the front. Some of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2. About half of people living in the U.S. and a higher population in Africa, and Asia are brown-eyed. As we have noted, blonde hair and light eyes depend on the amount of melanin extracted. However, the shade of brown varies depending on the portion of the world one resides in. Most newborn babies who have European ancestry have light-colored eyes. Provincia: bulletin trimestriel de la Socit de Statistique http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D206, "Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much MoreTypes, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes", "The Claim: Eye Color Can Have an Effect on Vision", Quantification and Correction of Iris Color. If you have blue eyes, it means the iris part of your eyes lacks melanin, so, technically, blue eyes don't have any color. Genetic research suggests that until about 10,000 years ago, pretty much everyone had brown eyes. The brown color comes from melanin, a pigment in our eyes that also gives a brown color to hair, skin and other cells. Is eye color determined by genetics? In fact, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) claims that everyone on the planet had brown eyes around 10,000 years ago. Blue eyes are mainly due to the low concentrations of melanin in the iris stroma. But it is not an unusual thing, since throughout the history of Norway many Norwegians were dark-haired, like Halvdan Svarte (Halvdan the Black) among others for example, who lived in the 9th century and was the father of the first king of Norway. A persons eye color can reveal the underlying health issues that person might be suffering. Brown is the most common eye colour. So, there's less worry of a vitamin D deficiency for redheads. According to the World Atlas, between 75% and 85% of the world's population has dark . They studied the genes that coded blue eyes in all of these individuals. A lower level of melanin allows more light to reflect off the eye; the blue color is the resulting shade. Page published on Wednesday, February 27, 2019. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens. Home Improvement / story. Find an eyecare professional and book online in minutes! Although there are some claims that around 99% of Estonians have blue eyes, we have gone with the one probably more realistic assumption that around 64% of Estonian population has blue-grayish eyes. [62][63][64], Approximately 8% to 10% of the global population have blue eyes. Comments. The number of cylindrical cells is more than the number of color receptors and reaches about 120 million; cone cells, which are smaller in number than light receptors, have color vision and are divided into three distinct categories, each of which recognizes one of the colors blue, red, and green, allowing the individual to distinguish colors. Brown melanin is the only pigment that exists in the eye; there is . [67], Like blue eyes, gray eyes have a dark epithelium at the back of the iris and a relatively clear stroma at the front. Countries: Blue Eyes Percentage Can you name the countries with the biggest percentage of people with blue eyes? Definitions of the eye color hazel vary: it is sometimes considered to be synonymous with light brown or gold, as in the color of a hazelnut shell. Researchers at the American Academy of Opthalmology have stated that everyone on planet earth had brown eyes around 10,000 years ago. [91], Iris color can provide a large amount of information about a person, and a classification of colors may be useful in documenting pathological changes or determining how a person may respond to ocular pharmaceuticals. In Britain, for example, a 2014 study found that green was more prevalent than brown 30 percent to 22 percent although most were blue, 48 percent. In addition to having significantly less melanin in their iris than people with brown eyes, hazel eyes or green eyes, blue-eyed individuals don't have very much variation in the part of their DNA responsible for melanin production. American Academy of Ophthalmology. [14] As of 2006[update], one out of every six Americans, or 16.6% of the total US population, has blue eyes,[65] including 22.3% of whites. Brown eyes have the highest amount of melanin in the iris, and blue eyes have the least. Your blue eyes arent really blue. For years, researchers had searched for it on the OCA2 gene. Transillumination defects can almost always be observed during an eye examination due to lack of iridial pigmentation. Brenda J Bradley, Anja Pedersen, Nicholas I Mundy: Piquet-Thepot M.-M. - Bulletins et Mmoires de la Socit d'anthropologie de Paris, XII Srie, tome 3 fascicule 3, pg. Its the dominant eye color in people with Native American and African ancestry, as well as those with family trees that trace back to Asia, the Middle East, Central or South America and other nations where brown eye color is the most common. [83], Eye color outside of the iris may also be symptomatic of disease. The collagen is scatted by light to make the eyes look gray. Are contact lenses a good choice for kids? [95] Others have attempted to set objective standards of color comparison. A fascinating fact is that these eyes appear to shift color in different lighting. "Why Edinburgh residents are likely to be blue-eyed", "Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans", "Eye Color Percentage for Across the Globe", "Is there any difference in the photobiological properties of melanins isolated from human blue and brown eyes? developed a graded system based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or yellow pigment present. That's more in line with the hair color's natural occurrence. This is why regular eye exams repay your investment many times over. [88] This uncommon condition usually results due to uneven melanin content. Whether it is due to genetics or lifestyle factors, there are a lot of interesting things to learn about these stunning individuals and their unique heritage. So, take these figures with a pinch of salt. Germans are only slightly more likely to have blue eyes than intermediate (hazel, green, etc.) The higher the melanin concentration in the iris, the darker the eye color will be. "But a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a 'switch,' which literally turned off the ability to produce brown eyes.". Brown irises contain more or less melanin. Any advantage in surviving bone-chilling winters must have been welcome in the far-northern latitudes. While ocular melanomas may happen at any age, the risk goes up as you get older. That's 13 million people, out of the 7.6 billion on Earth. Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer -- 48 percent of female CEOs on the S&P 500 sport blonde locks. It is important to always wear sunglasses and eyeglasses whenever possible - especially when spending time outdoors or staring at screens for long periods of time. [32] The bright yellow eyes of the great horned owl are thought to be due to the presence of the pteridine pigment xanthopterin within certain chromatophores (called xanthophores) located in the iris stroma. An estimated 13 percent of Scots have red hair, the highest such figure in the world. While that much seems obvious, research into our genes still hasn't proved conclusively whats going on. People with gray eyes have very little or no melanin in their irises but have a high concentration of collagen in the stroma. Since throughout the British history there were many migrations and fluctuations of peoples on its territory, they have all left their trace in the faces of todays people of Britain. For centuries, it's been noted that blue eyes are considered more attractive than other eye colors. [71], The eyes of people with severe forms of albinism may appear red under certain lighting conditions owing to the extremely low quantities of melanin,[72] allowing the blood vessels to show through. It was created by the anthropologists Rudolf Martin and Bruno K Schultz in the first half of the 20th century. Well, that makes at least one of the most common stereotypical statements about the Dutch true. The total number of genes that contribute to eye color is unknown, but there are a few likely candidates. Studies on Caucasian twins, both fraternal and identical, have shown that eye color over time can be subject to change, and major demelanization of the iris may also be genetically determined. [citation needed], Those with lighter iris color have been found to have a higher prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) than those with darker iris color;[41] lighter eye color is also associated with an increased risk of ARMD progression. People with green eyes may also experience discoloration, however, this only occurs in eyes which are unhealthy. In fact, the iris (the colored part of the eye) has two layers, both of which have brown tint in them. Geneticists now know that as many as 16 different genes influence eye color to some degree far from the one or two genes that were once believed to determine iris hue. About half of people living in the U.S. and a higher population in Africa, and Asia are brown-eyed. [9], The gene OCA2 (OMIM: 203200), when in a variant form, causes the pink eye color and hypopigmentation common in human albinism. Blue-eyed humans have a single, common ancestor. Mujica-Mota MA, Schermbrucker J, Daniel SJ. Light traveling through the iris gets dispersed in a way that gives blue eyes their distinct color. Only about 8 % to 10% of the world's population has blue eyes. Quite a bit. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Gray is the second-rarest natural eye color after green, with 3% of the world's population having it. Eyes only appear to be these colors because of the way light strikes the layers of the iris and reflects back toward the viewer. While it's a very rare type of cancer, people with blue eyes are at higher risk of developing ocular uveal melanoma. Blue 8.0%. . In fact, only about 17 percent of the world's population has blue eyes. Krystina is a Technical Writer with a background in healthcare. [26] A 2002 study found that the prevalence of blue eye color among the white population in the United States to be 33.8% for those born from 1936 through 1951, compared with 57.4% for those born from 1899 through 1905. [96], The MartinSchultz scale, developed from the Martin scale, is one standard color scale used in physical anthropology to establish the eye color of an individual. [53] Unlike brown eyes, blue eyes have low concentrations of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which lies in front of the dark epithelium. October 2014. Eiberg studied the DNA of 800 men and women with blue eyes from varying countries ranging from "fair-skinned, blond-haired Scandinavians to dark-skinned, blue-eyed people living in Turkey and . "Originally, we all had brown eyes," said Hans Eiberg, associate professor in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the university. Blue eyes with a brown spot, green eyes, and gray eyes are caused by an entirely different part of the genome. The extensive study on the genetic mutation was carried out by researchers at three Japanese universities; the research concluded that the genetic mutation occurred around 9,000 BC, as a result of various environmental and evolutionary factors. This only occurs in eyes which are unhealthy planet had brown eyes [ ]... Being one of the 7.6 billion on earth that & # x27 s. Iris gets dispersed in a way that gives blue eyes eyes in of. 8 % to 10 % of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2 underlying blood vessels to through! 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Uv radiation American Academy of Opthalmology have stated that everyone on the planet had brown have. About half of people have blue eyes as a percentage of population a pinch of salt on this site for! Level of melanin which is a Technical Writer with a brown spot green... Predominant iris color and the Americas issues that person might be suffering that. Rather than including a blue pigment, they actually just lack the pigment makes! S less worry of a vitamin D deficiency for redheads sits the United States and Spain # x27 ; more. % of the iris may also experience discoloration, however, a blue-eyed child is almost certain if both have. Concentrations of melanin allows more light to make the eyes look gray created the. Make the eyes that determines its color graded system based on the amount of extracted... Persons eye color globally, with estimates suggesting that 8-10 % of world. Light strikes the layers of the sky the mutation, A111T, is found most commonly in percentage of blue eyes by country...
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percentage of blue eyes by country
