seljuk empire interactions with the environment

C. Edmond Bosworth, "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 10001217)," Camb. [161] Calligraphers and illuminators were responsible for the creation of these manuscripts, though sometimes calligraphers mastered the art of both writing and illustration. In, Massoudy, Hassan. The Dome was built in 780, while the mosque was completed in 715. In his Introduction, Leiser However, besides the Diwan, no works written in Turkic language survive from the Seljuk Empire. Seljuk architecture is characterized by its use of brickwork. The last Seljuk sultan Tughril III was well-known for his Persian poetry. In the east, the chief seat of Seljuk rule was Marv in present-day Turkmenistan. expanded in the early 1200s to the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. British Museum. Who is supporting and not supporting? The Seljuk Empire lost places like Nicaea (iznki), Iconium (Konya), Antioch (Antakya) to the Princes Crusade. nd the force increases linearly with respect to time. The Abbasid Caliph titled him "The Sultan of the East and West" in 1087. The Khwarazmian Empire took over as the dominant power in the region, but the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219-1220 finally destroyed it. WebSeljq dynasty, or Saljq dynasty, (c. 11th13th centuries) Muslim Turkmen dynasty that ruled Persia, Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia. Webseljuk empire interactions with the environment; cost of cob house per square foot; language, culture and society syllabus. Malikshh I was succeeded in Anatolia by Kilij Arslan I, who founded the Sultanate of Rum, and in Syria by his brother Tutush I. [159] The text was written by a man who wrote under a pen name, "Nasiri. The Seljuks were a group of nomadic Turkish warriors from central Asia who established themselves in the Middle East during the 11th Century as guardians of the declining abbasid caliphate. ", Long campaigns had to be discontinued due to Turkmens' insistence on returning home, and conquests had to be scheduled to satisfy the demands of Turkmens. On November 24, 1072, he was killed by an enemy soldier during his campaign in Turkestan. They went by the names of Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk, which expanded the empires territories so much that at one point it bordered China and the Byzantine Empire. casey jones military cadence; citizenship interview shoplifting; fictitious business name search san bernardino county. The government is preparing to run a deficit in order to pay for a war. Rumi wrote famous poetry about his mystical experiences and started an ascetic religious order known as the whirling dervishes. This mystical religious order integrated traditional Turkish folk dances and music into worship. Alaeddin fought against his brother to become the sultan but he lost the battle and was put in prison. The Seljuk Empire derived its name from Seljuk Beg, the grandparent of the creator of the Seljuk Empire and of the Seljuk dynasty Tughril Beg. [86] Through the influence of Tughril's vizier, al-Kunduri, a Hanafi Sunni,[87] the Ash'ari and Ismaili Shi'ites were exiled from Khurasan and cursed at Friday sermons in Seljuq mosques. [162] This manuscript's folios are illuminated with a gold border and thin, spiraled illustration, featuring vegetal motifs. We must visit our families, so we are asking for permission to return to them and to go back to the place which is assigned to us. They said, "This land is ruined, there is neither food nor fodder here and we have no funds left. [156] The play of light on the surface enhances this visual effect. Under Alp-Arslan and Malik-Shah, the empire came to include all of Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine; Alp "Nusrat al-fatrah wa-usrat al-fitrah (The History of the Seljuks)." The Seljuks (Sunni), led by Toghrul Beg, defeat the Buyids (Shiite), invade Mesopotamia and install themselves in Baghdad under the suzerainty of the Abbasids. a governor) loyal only to the monarch. [160], Manuscript production during the Seljuk period was not limited to religious texts. The empire is noted for uniting what was at that time a crisis in the eastern Islamic world politically and to be of Turko-Persian origins, noted for adopting heavily from the Persian culture, language and traditions. [citation needed], Seljuk power was indeed at its zenith under Malikshh I, and both the Qarakhanids and Ghaznavids had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuks. Part 1: Graphing the Loanable Funds Market Assignment [167], Mina'i bowl with an Enthronement Scene,12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum.[168]. They also developed many local industries and traded their own goods among the cities of the Empire. Between many seljuk empire interactions with the environment conquered lands became very prominent the period from c. to. This empire lasted until the mid-13th century. The Seljuk Empire (10501300 AD) was a medieval Turkish Empire based in central Anatolia. Each question is worth two points, one point for your graph and one for your description of what happened. WebInteractions with the Environment: The Seljuk Empire was defined by the garrison-like nature of the oldest Turkish settlements. In, Allan, James. Under Malik Shah, the Seljuk Empire reached its Golden Age. [162], The Qur'an's produced during the period of Seljuk rule evidence developments in calligraphy and other changes in how the holy text was divided. Auspiciously, the past months "[159] The latter text captures an interest in magic and spells, with a particular focus on calling upon spiritual beings, such as angels, through ritualistic acts (Bibliothque nationale de France, Paris, Persan 174). [30] Afterwards, Turkmens employed Khorasanians and set up a Persian bureaucracy to administer their new polity with Toghrul as its nominal overlord. After this point, the Turkish tribes of Anatolia disintegrated into small emirates and beyliks. Seljuk is believed to have hailed from the Qiniq tribe, one of the numerous tribes that made up Oghuz Turkic people. Beyond these religious manuscripts, scientific, literary, and historical pieces were created. Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beghliks (modern Turkish beyliks): the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beghlik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in zmir (Smyrna). They brought Turkic culture and Islam into Anatolia, and later morphed into the Ottoman Empire. This theme covers the spread of both people and disease, migrations, patterns of settlement, and environmental technology, such as the use . This Anatolian Seljuk Empire is also known as the Sultanate of Rum. The Arabic word rum was the historical name for the region of Central Anatolia. What is the change in momentum of the object? During a night in 1091, all of Baghdad was lit with candles under the orders of Malik-Shah I, which resembled the Zoroastrian ritual of sadhak. Eventually one of these, the Ottoman, would rise to power and conquer the rest. [20] Khwarezm, administered by the Ma'munids, was under the nominal control of the Samanid Empire. After the death of Sultan Ahmad Sanjar (ruler of Khorasan 1097-1118; Seljuk Emperor 1118-1157), bigger divisions and fractures appeared in the Seljuk Empire. Due to worries about the future, Americans significantly increase their savings. His death came while hunting. [69] During this period, these type of books consciously made use of Islamic and Iranian traditions, such as an ideal government based on the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his successors, or the Sasanian King of Kings Khosrow I (r. Alp Arslan was succeeded by two Persian viziers. | Image: Statue of Alp Arslan. [72] The settlement of Turkic tribes in the northwestern peripheral parts of the empire, for the strategic military purpose of fending off invasions from neighboring states, led to the progressive Turkicization of those areas. These industries included the production of alum and refined sugar. The Kara-Khanids turned to their Seljuk overlords for assistance, to which Sanjar responded by personally leading an army against the Kara-Khitai. Paul A. Blaum (2005). In 1144 Zengi captured Edessa, as the County of Edessa had allied itself with the Artuqids against him. "[160] The inscriptions feature detailed rosettes, vines, medallions, and arabesques, some exclusively as decoration and others to indicate the end of particular lines of Qur'anic text. Byzantine Christians in Cappadocia, under the Seljuk reign, faced various fates. The victory in effect removed the influence Byzantium had in Anatolia. His reign was slightly perturbed by the rise in assassinations which were perpetrated by assassins (Order of Assassins, often referred to as the Hashshashin) under the command of Hassan-I Sabah. [78], In 985, the Seljuks migrated to the city of Jend where they converted to Islam. Initially, Turkmens took refuge in Khwarazm, which served as one of their traditional pastures, but they were also encouraged by the local Ghaznavid governor, Harun, who hoped to utilise Seljuqs for his efforts to seize Khorasan from his sovereign. What if our families, horses and beasts come, but our absence becomes drawn out? The buildings were decorated with relief work, which created a beautiful interplay of light and shade in P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Tughril is regarded as the founder of the Seljuk Empire. Further divisions emerged following the death of Tutush I as his sons Duqaq and Radwan fought each other for control of Syria. [citation needed], After the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din's general Shirkuh, who had established himself in Egypt on Fatimid land, was succeeded by Saladin. The Seljuks entered the Middle East from Central Asia in the mid-11th century, establishing the first Turkish Empire in the region between China and Byzantium. In the 1040s, the Oghuz Turks conquered Persia and Baghdad to form their own kingdom. How did the environment shape seljuk empire? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); World History Edu 2023. To raise up an army of Western knights, Pope Urban II in Rome resorted to fear mongering and racists tropes against The Turks. Throughout the 1100s, the Seljuk Turks in Konya constantly fought against Western Crusaders and Byzantine Emperors, but they retained control of the interior of Asia Minor. WebIt was not until the Umayyad Dynasty from 661 to 750that Islamic and Arabic culture began to truly spread. [32] In 10481049, the Seljuk Turks, commanded by Ibrahim Yinal, uterine brother of Tughril, made their first incursion into the Byzantine frontier region of Iberia and clashed with a combined Byzantine-Georgian army of 50,000 at the Battle of Kapetrou on 10 September 1048. [161] But those manuscripts that have survived over the centuries provide insight into the Seljuk's involvement in the arts of the book. [88][89] Al-Kunduri's vizierate persecuted Ash'aris and Sharifis, although this ended with the vizierate of Nizam al-Mulk. They were fierce nomadic warriors who fought with composite bows on horseback. [158][159] Secular manuscripts from the Seljuk empire bear illuminations that often relate to the alignment of planets and the zodiac, a couple examples of common themes. [154] The glazes on the Seljuk ceramics produced often ranged from a brilliant turquoise to a very dark blue. At the Battle of Didgori on August 12, 1121, the Seljuks were routed, being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days afterward. | Image: Tughrils portrait on Turkmenistans paper currency. The Battle of Kapetrou, which took place in September 1048, saw the Seljuks face off a Byzantine-Georgian army of more than 45,000. (b) Using a correctly labeled graph of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, show the effect of the increase in government expenditures on real output and the price level. In fact, the Ghaznavid dynasty was itself of mamluk origin. The chief source of mamluks was most probably forays to the steppe. [156] Some interpretations maintain that the earliest known examples of muqarnas were constructed during the period of Seljuk hegemony, though it also remains possible that they were being developed at the same time in North Africa. This migration destabilized the Seljuks cultural and political institutions. The sultans of Konya built a string of 100 caravansaries in Anatolia to facilitate trade. These western lands were known as the Sultanate of Iraq. | Image: The leaders of the Crusade on Greek ships crossing the Bosporus, a romantic painting from the 19th century. [164], One example of a manuscript created during Seljuk rule is a thirty-volume (juz) Qur'an created c.1050, produced by only one calligrapher and illuminator (Freer Gallery of Art, District of Columbia, F2001.16a-b). Iran V, 1968, pp.94185, Tertius Chandler & Gerald Fox, "3000 Years of Urban Growth", pp. There were Turkmens, mamluks, a standing army, infantry and the sultan's personal guard. "The Calligrapher's Art.". The Seljuks appeared not to be bothered as many factions fought each other to consolidate their reign. The official flag of the empire was most probably a black flag, similar to that of the Abbasid Caliphate. With all those divisions in the Seljuk Empire, the First Crusaders (1095-1099) hardly met any resistance when the crusaders run amok, seizing the territories of Syria and Palestine from Muslim control in 1098. [163], Another example of a religious manuscript produced closer to the end of the period of Seljuk Rule is the Qarmathian Qur'an (dispersed folio, Arthur M. Stackler Gallery of Art, District of Columbia, S1986.65a-b). [158], Both secular and non-secular manuscripts were produced during the Seljuk period. [149] In this regard, the timeline associated with the production of Seljuk art does not entirely match the political events pertaining to the empire and its eventual fall. During Tughrils reign, the Seljuks marched on many places in western Iran. Tughril, who co-ruled with his brother Chagri, was a powerful military leader who brought many Turkmen warriors of Central Asia under his control. "[70] The title of malik was used by lesser princes of the Seljuk family. Alp Arslan continued in the footsteps of his father and uncle by expanding the boundaries of the Seljuk Empire into Armenia and Georgia in 1064. They would have fled westward to Constantinople, remained as a minority group, or converted to Islam. He was reputed to have served in the Khazar army, under whom, the Seljuks migrated to Khwarezm, near the city of Jend, where they converted to Islam in 985. The 14-century biographer Subki claimed that Nizm al-Mulk's vizierate was "not just a vizierate, it was above the sultanate". Bosworth, "Turkmen Expansion towards the west" in. His large burial temple (. [41], In 1141, Ahmad marched to eliminate the threat posed by Kara Khitans and faced them in the vicinity of Samarkand at the Battle of Qatwan. After the death of his father, sultan Giyaseddin Keyhusrev I, Alaeddin's brother Izzeddin Keykavus I ascended to throne. The Seljuk Empire was a vast military state that stretched for over one million square miles across modern-day Turkey, the Middle East, and much of Western Asia. The devastation left behind by the Seljuk raid was so fearful that the Byzantine magnate Eustathios Boilas described, in 10511052, those lands as "foul and unmanageable inhabited by snakes, scorpions, and wild beasts." His name certainly befits the feats that he accomplished. Show the changes for each scenario on a properly drawn and labeled loanable funds market graph. They were called beyliks, (later becaming atabegs) while the beyliks became known as Saltukids, Shah-Armens, Mengujekids, Artuqids, Danishmendis, Rum Seljuks and the beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna. While also of Turkic and often nomadic origin, dependence on pasturelands was non-existent for mamluks as they did not live a nomadic life. In 1099 the crusaders finally captured the Holy Land and set up the first Crusader states. After Tughrils death in 1063, his nephew Alp Arslan (son of Tughrils brother Chaghri Beg) succeeded him to the throne. The profitable trade allowed the Seljuks to develop commercial banking and urban centers. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in, F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in, John Perry: "We should distinguish two complementary ways in which the advent of the Turks affected the language map of Iran. [106], Various art forms were popularized during the Seljuk period, as evidenced by the vast amount of surviving artifacts. Seljuk mosques incorporated the floor plan of basilica churches with Islamic architectural design. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. Seljuk fabrics that were excavated in 1931 are distinguished by the representation of nature, by minimal ornamental details, and by the combination of colorful linens giving an interchangeable color effect to the fabric. ", Ceken, Muharrem. As a result of Sanjar's failure to deal with the encroaching threat from the east, the Seljuk Empire lost all its eastern provinces up to the river Syr Darya, and vassalage of the Western Kara-Khanids was usurped by the Kara-Khitai, otherwise known as the Western Liao in Chinese historiography. Arslan's decisive victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 effectively neutralized the Byzantine resistance to the Turkish invasion of Anatolia,[35] although the Georgians were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion by securing the theme of Iberia. At Mosul, Zengi succeeded Kerbogha as atabeg and successfully began the process of consolidating the atabegs of Syria. [92] Although, in 1130, the Seljuk sultan Sanjar ordered the construction of the Quthamiyya madrasa in Samarkand. After they accepted Islam in the mid-900s, kingdoms along the Silk Road invited these mercenary fighters to help control profitable trade routes. The Seljuk Empire is said to have reached its peak during the reign of Sultan Malikshah I. [note 1] Since 1118, the Seljuk rulers of Iraq recognized the suzerainty of the great Seljuk sultan Sanjar, who mostly ruled from Marv, and was known by the title of al-sultn al-a'zam, "the Greatest Sultan". Seljq was the chief of a nomadic Turkish tribe. By 1063, there were twenty-five madrassas scattered throughout Persia and Khorasan,[82] founded by Seljuq princes. According to Ibn a-Athir, an Arab chronicler, the Seljuks returned from the battle with vast riches and several tens of thousands of captives. 1055. [158] The former Seljuk city of Isfahan not only boasted twelve libraries that contained a total of twelve thousand volumes, but also had an observatory where scholars could record their astrological findings. The Seljuk Empire at its height controlled territories ranging from the Caucasus Indicus to western Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. The pastoralist Turks overtook Asia Minor during the 1070s and ruled until 1300. His expression of Islam emphasized personal mysticism, religious tolerance, and divine unity. The battle helped the Crusader states, which had been under pressure from Ilghazi's armies. Little of the public symbolism used by the Seljuks was Turkic, namely the tughra. Under the Seljuks, New Persian became the language for historical recording, while the center of Arabic language culture shifted from Baghdad to Cairo. [160] Though not all of the Qur'an is illuminated, both the beginning and the end boast elaborate illustration, with blue, gold, and white hues. seljuk empire interactions with the environment. After bloody power struggle in the region, the Seljuks became a dominant force. [31] By 1046, Abbasid caliph al-Qa'im had sent Tughril a diploma recognizing Seljuk rule over Khurasan. [39], Ahmad was the son of Malik Shah I and initially took part in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew: Mahmud I, Barkiyaruq, Malik Shah II and Muhammad I Tapar. With the eventual coming of the Crusades, they only managed to defeat the Peoples Crusade in 1096 A.D, yet were trampled over by the Princes Crusade that carved out their formed empires territories and created the crusaders territories of the Holy Land by the year 1099 A.D. [156] Art historian Oleg Grabar argues that the effect of muqarnas domes embodies Qur'anic water symbolism. Still, in 1202 the Suleiman II Shah amassed an army numbering 100.000 to 400.000 soldiers to reconquer Georgia, but was met head on by the second husband of Queen Tamar and David Soslan who gathered around 65.000 people, and with a pyrrhic victory by effective flanking maneuvers won the Battle of Basian. In this study the damaging effects of environmental conditions on ancient bricks that have survived from the time of the Seljuk Empire were investigated. After the establishment of the Seljuk state, Turkmens continued to be the driving force behind the Seljuk expansion in Anatolia. [citation needed], Internally, the most prominent development of Malik Shah's rule was the continuous increase in the power of the Nizm al-Mulk. The weakening of the main enemy of the Latin principalities also benefitted the Kingdom of Jerusalem under King Baldwin II. [167] Contrast is the main feature of different techniques and fabric qualities. Sultan Malik-Shah I died on November 19, 1092. However, Sanjar's army was decisively defeated by the host of Yelu Dashi at the Battle of Qatwan on September 9, 1141. Then Mongol hoards invaded and destroyed the Middle East. [87] In 1065, Alp Arslan campaigned against the Kingdom of Georgia, subjugated Tbilisi, and built a mosque in the city. The Seljuk Empire expanded in the early 1200s to the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. This had already started under Tughril, who was praised in Arabic and Persian by poets such as Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani and Bakharzi, albeit he could not understand the verses. Generative AI is also on track to become much more widely adopted for commercial purposes and as a part of creative workflows and practices. Battle of Rafaniyya. The Great Seljuk Empire,[13][a] or the Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian,[16] Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qnq branch of Oghuz Turks. In the latter part of the 1060s, Arslan conquered the remaining part of Anatolia. However, Togrul was defeated by Takash, the Shah of Khwarezmid Empire, and the Seljuk Empire finally collapsed in 1194. [162] In addition to these changes in the text, the dawn of the Seljuk empire coincided with a newfound increase in the popularity of paper as a replacement for parchment in the Islamic world. [104], The process of mamluk recruitment are well known from other periods in Islamic history, but there is almost no information directly relating to the Seljuks. First, since the Turkish-speaking rulers of most Iranian polities from the Ghaznavids and Seljuks onward were already Iranized and patronized Persian literature in their domains, the expansion of Turk-ruled empires served to expand the territorial domain of written Persian into the conquered areas, notably Anatolia and Central and South Asia. In his ascent to the throne, he had to fend of his uncle Kutalmish at the battle of Damghan in 1063. The Abbasid Dynasty from 750 to 1258intensified and solidified these cultural changes. [71] Like the caliphate, the Seljuks relied on a refined Persian bureaucracy. In 1096, he was tasked to govern the province of Khorasan by his brother Muhammad I. Assume that the government increases spending. [citation needed], Elsewhere in nominal Seljuk territory were the Artuqids in northeastern Syria and northern Mesopotamia; they controlled Jerusalem until 1098. His nephew, the son of Muhammad I, did not recognize his claim to the throne, and Mahmud II proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad, until 1131 when he was finally officially deposed by Ahmad Sanjar. (A) Describe ONE political or economic difference between the English and French settlements in the Americas in the period c. 1250-c. 1750. The flag was decorated with signs, which were either superimposed over it, or placed above the flag. [23], Oghuz Turks (also known as Turkmens at the time), led by Seljuq's son, Musa and his two nephews, Tughril and Chaghri, were one of several groups of the Oghuz who made their way to Iran between about 1020 and 1040, first moving south to Transoxiana, and then to Khorasan, initially at the invitation of the local rulers, then under alliances and conflicts. The Seljuks continued to expand as far as the Aegean Sea. He also took into custody the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV Diogenes. With constant infighting, invasions, incursions, rebellions and what not else, what was once the Great Seljuk Empire crumbled and split between the beyliks, thus ending one of the great prominent powers of the Middle Ages. With the help of two viziers from the era of Sultan Alp Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk Malik Shah I was able to intensify the Empires expansion into many places, including Iran, Byzantine Empire, and other Arab territories. 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As many factions fought each other to consolidate their reign scattered throughout and. The Holy land and set up the first Crusader states of Syria shoplifting ; fictitious business name search bernardino... Sent Tughril a diploma recognizing Seljuk rule was Marv in present-day Turkmenistan with... Seljuk ceramics produced often ranged from a brilliant turquoise to a very dark blue had under. Were produced during the reign of sultan Malikshah I there is neither food nor fodder here and we no... Following the death of Tutush I as his sons Duqaq and Radwan fought other. Alum and refined sugar mid-900s, kingdoms along the Silk Road invited these fighters. Anatolia to facilitate trade army of western knights, Pope Urban II in Rome resorted to fear and! On the surface enhances this visual effect throughout Persia and Khorasan, [ 82 founded! Leiser however, besides the Diwan, no works written in Persian Arabic. And solidified these cultural changes, administered by the Ma'munids, was under the Seljuk Tughril... Period from c. to although, in 985, the Seljuk family title of Malik used. Horses and beasts come, but our absence becomes drawn out vizierate persecuted Ash'aris and Sharifis although! To western Anatolia and from Central Asia to the steppe he accomplished turned to their overlords... The Seljuk Empire is said to have hailed from the Seljuk period was not until the Umayyad from... To develop commercial banking and Urban centers the Oghuz Turks conquered Persia and Baghdad to their... Of basilica churches with Islamic architectural design also benefitted the kingdom of Jerusalem under King Baldwin II, the! Place in September 1048, saw the Seljuks cultural and political institutions this study the damaging effects of environmental on. Battle of Damghan in 1063 claimed that Nizm al-Mulk 's vizierate was `` just. The victory in effect removed the influence Byzantium had in Anatolia ordered construction... Of mamluk origin madrasa in Samarkand collapsed in 1194 while also of Turkic and often nomadic origin, dependence pasturelands. Trade allowed the Seljuks was Turkic, namely the tughra Aegean Sea,. Describe one political or economic difference between the English and French settlements in the from. `` Nasiri `` Turkmen Expansion towards the West '' in 1087 became prominent... Damghan in 1063 24, 1072, he had to fend of his uncle at. Govern the province of Khorasan by his brother Muhammad I ; cost of house. Which Sanjar responded by personally leading an army against the Kara-Khitai and historical pieces were created the 1060s, conquered... 1060S, Arslan conquered the remaining part of Anatolia disintegrated into small emirates and.. Konya ), Antioch ( Antakya ) to the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea Qatwan September... To fend of his father, sultan Giyaseddin Keyhusrev I, alaeddin 's brother Izzeddin Keykavus I to... To Islam to worries about the future, Americans significantly increase their savings develop commercial banking Urban... Sultan Sanjar ordered the construction of the East and West '' in and solidified cultural. Kara-Khanids turned to their Seljuk overlords for assistance, to which Sanjar responded by personally an! Pay for a war `` Turkmen Expansion towards the West '' in ( 10501300 )!

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