ifugao culture slideshare

The Constabulary uniform was adopted to the Ifugao manner of dressing: a khaki shirt with sleeve insignia, cartridge belt, a specially designed loincloth, the traditional hip bag for the men, a padang worn around both legs, and a single-shot Springfield rifle. Some Ifugao proverbs are: Hay uya-uy di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan, (The feast is the yardstick of a persons wealth. But when a custom or law is violated, the victim must seek justice. A blanket may also be worn around a mans head like a turban. Probably the most iconic images of the Ifugao culture are the ones of the Banaue Rice Terraces and those of their bu'luls, totemic male and female figures carved in wood, usually less than a meter tall, and used in rituals and as guardian figures. Ifugao relations with friars were based on the militarys strength in the area. The bale are small houses with a floor area of around 12 to 15 square meters, raised above the ground on four posts. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. Ifugao Culture and History. Manila: MCS Enterprises Inc. . Another Gerardo de Leon film, Banaue: Stairway to the Sky, 1975, is the story of how the Ifugao build the Banaue Rice Terraces and protect them from invaders in the region. Every stage of production requires a meticulous ceremony lasting for about six weeks. Among the percussion instruments, the gangsa or gangha (gongs) are the most popular. Ifugao, group of wet-rice agriculturalists occupying the mountainous area of northern Luzon, Philippines. Hikgut is the ritual sweeping of the house when the rice that is kept in the attic is first used. Deities are Matungulan, gods and goddesses of plenty or the god of all worlds; Dimapon, god of fortune: Manahaot, god of sorcery and deception; Bagob, god of harvest; Bulul, god of the idols; Montalong, god of humans; Bibiyo, fairy gods; and Mabaki, gods and goddesses of war. The famous terraces had been inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1995 as "a continuing cultural landscape" The Ifugao native huts could probably be among the world's first prefabricated houses that do not use a single nail or metal to . Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. 1906. Form and Splendor: Personal Adornment of Northern Luzon Ethnic Groups, Philippines. By 2010, the population had grown to 191,078. While out hunting, Kabigat finds the earth so lovely that he decides to live there. In 2001, the hudhud chants were recognized by the UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. 1986. The White Apos: American Governors in the Cordillera Central. Reasons for holding them are abundance in life; a miraculous increase in rice, pigs and chickens; and quick growth of children (Barton 1946, 126), all perceived as divine gifts. Social classes exist in Ifugao society, and these are based on wealth, indicated by the possession of heirloom objects such as antique porcelain; sacrificial animals like carabaos, pigs, and chickens; other household items of value; and a considerable amount of money. 1981. Roll, Christian. When the two marry, they move to the city and have a child. By becoming a city dweller, Philip became less sentimental with his cultural identity, beliefs, and customs. This romanticism perpetuated a historically flawed narrative of the Ifugao as a people and as a culture. In 2013 Ifugao carvers created 82 bulol especially for the Axis Art Project of the Philippine exhibit at the Singapore Biennale. Dumia, Mariano A. At the right hand corner of the house, a few inches lower than the floor, is a fireplace under and around which soil is spread out. The pacification did pave the way for foreign missionaries to enter the Ifugao heartland. 2010. The mombaki must abstain from any sexual activity for about three months. While the Ifugao rice culture draws most of the attention because of the terraces, Imbayah casts more light on the artisan culture that has grown around the terraces. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. 2013. Abundance of ecosystem services which have been developed for centuries in this system serves for the whole impoverished . The more important rites involve stages in the Ifugao life cycle: rice planting, rice harvesting, sickness, weaving, hunting, acquisition of prestige, marriage, and death and burial. His name was derived from the word Philippines. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty. The huop, a square-covered bamboo basket with a tight-fitting cover used to store cooked rice, is placed over the fire to help preserve the freshness of the rice. The rice terraces have created a tourist industry that has resulted in improvements in the infrastructure such as roads, electric grids, and buildings. [Candle]). These hipag are ritually smeared with the blood of a sacrificial animal and are stored in baskets with other granary figures. The indinwa, which is less commonly woven, is shorter than the intinlu but longer than the working skirt. The Non-Christian Peoples of the Philippine Islands. National Geographic Magazine 24 (November): 1157-1256. National Statistical Coordinating Board. Many enterprising Ifugao living near the area have turned away from rice cultivation on the terraces to provide goods and services to visitors, such as the making and selling of handicraft items for souvenirs. Children are well attended to, especially when still very young. Lorrin, Rosario. (Kill first the mother, before you get the child. The Henanga of Mayoyao use white, red, and blue, with blue dominating, and green and yellow threads are incorporated into the design at the middle. 2001. The deity declares its habitat, expresses satisfaction in the feast and wine, and goes home. The idaw is a war dance, depicting a battle between two tribes in the Cordilleras (Obusan 1989). Nearly all rites are performed underneath the house or granary, except for hunting, headhunting, and aiyag, which are performed in the forest. The women of the family shake the corpse, swear vengeance, and curse the murderers. Boys are taught to hunt, use arms, work in the field, and learn the family genealogy. 82 Bul-ul Bring Local Beliefs to Exhibit. Inquirer.net, 27 September. Furniture, if any, consists of a square wooden bench and a bed made of a thick wooden slab. Burial methods depend on the age, social status of the deceased, and cause of death. There were important bills passed during the American occupation, such as the creation of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, the Jones Law of 1916, and the election of local officials. The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. Violations are very rare because the people are aware of the importance of the forest. The makalun (messenger) is asked to intercede with the deities according to the purpose of the rite. The huts are made of timber cut and polished by hand. A ritual may consist of the following steps: the gonod or invocation to the deities or ancestors by name; the dayum or prayer to the deities; the aiyag, in which the mombaki invites the ancestors to come and possess him; the hikkop, in which an ancestor or deity possesses the mombaki; and the tobal, in which the mombaki exhorts the possessing deity or ancestor by expressing the purpose of the feast and the will of the people. 2008. Children are expected to be present at ceremonies and rituals when the kindred or the lineage is called on to participate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. They carry a half-dead chicken with their left hand and offer these to the gods. The Ifugao universe is divided into five worlds or regions: the skyworld called kabunian; the earth world called puga or pugaw; the underworld called dalum; the downstream region called lagod; and the upstream region called dayya or daiya. Arts and People of Northern Philippines. In The People and Art of the Philippines, Gabriel Casal, University of California, Los Angeles Museum of Cultural History, and Honolulu Academy of Arts. Rice is grown mainly on the terraces, while sweet potatoes and other tubers are grown on the mountainsides that they have cleared. Animals are sacrificed during the wake. Food and ceremonial offerings to the gods are placed inside and the animals blood poured over these boxes. It is used in rituals seeking a bountiful harvest, revenge, or the healing of a sick person. Simple abong huts are also used as shelter in the rice fields. In 1979, several hundreds of Ifugao natives were recruited to play Montagnard Indians in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now. The things they used at home are also made of native materials. The Saint Josephs School was founded by CICM missionary Father Jerome Moerman at Kiangan in 1934. When the earth is dry again, they go down to Otobon Valley and settle on the hill of Kiangan, where they live undisturbed with their many children. In the past, brothers and sisters slept in separate houses as soon as they reached the age of six or seven. It is taboo for the people, even for the mombaki, to eat this part of the pig. Ifugao riddles serve to entertain and at the same time educate the young (Lodriguito 1978): Waday ohan makaphod an babai an kanona di, (A beautiful lady eats her body. In politics, warlord rule emerged. The tapis called bayaong has the same colors as the bayaong blanket. 2005. Kinship is of primary importance in traditional Ifugao life. 2011. 1913. It is played by men and women during courtship sessions or at night. Radyo Natin DZVK-FM 101.7, based in Banaue, is run by the Manila Broadcasting Company. These figures are venerated and passed down for generations. Some songs require responses while others are extemporaneous. Custom law provides the Ifugao people with a political system that governs all aspects of their relationships. T he Ifugao province is known for its unique and striking culture and tradition aside from being considered a historical spot as the "Tiger of Malaya" marked with the Yamashita Shrine in Kiangan. Ellis, George. A very popular form of Ifugao art is sculpture. The Tuwali and the Henangas weaving designs and colors differ. 1980. Men and women, young and old alike, sing. Houses are arranged according to the shape of the terraces. The crocodiles let him walk on their scaly back, and he dives headlong into the deep waters, arriving safely afterward in the abode of the underworld gods. . (Touch the house and the owner runs about. The kindred would come together and plan for meals that form part of the death ritual. When Kabigat comes for her, she plunges into the sea and finds herself at Ngilin Mangongols rice granary. The kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs but is now known as oban, is used for carrying babies. The Hudhud hi Aliguyon (Hudhud of Aliguyon) is about the battle lasting several years between Aliguyon from the village of Hannanga and Pumbakhayon from the village of Daligdigan. Its highest elevation is at 2,523 meters, and its waters flow toward Magat River, a tributary of the Cagayan River. The liwliwa, used to express love, protest, and other personal emotions, is sung in debate form by groups of men and women and their leaders. Later, it is placed next to the first bundles of rice harvest. When a warrior is killed, the bangibang (funeral, war, or revenge dance), is performed during his burial rites. The knowledge of pedigrees is of paramount importance to the Ifugao. . The husband must move out and the wife keeps the house. Ifugao epics are chanted romances recounting the origins of the people, the life and adventure of Ifugao heroes, the valor of men and the beauty of women, as well as ancient customs and traditions. Lorica, Loreto Q. The salidummay, which can express ideas or emotions, is usually sung antiphonally by groups of men and women. (1938) 1963. With a little luck, the 500-year-old Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras may just make it to their 2,000th year. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. The traditional Ifugao hamlet or village is small; thus, chiefs and heads develop very few followers. 1986. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. The split kokolongkoy can be used for the butit (locust jar). Traditional weaves in Ifugao have cultural meanings, and certain textiles were traditionally reserved only for specific occasions or particular individuals. The roof is steep and covered with thatch. Gatbonton, Esperanza Bunag. The hape, which is for the wealthy, is usually worn by the young and has three pieces. The corpse is placed on a hangdel (chair) while a munwahiwa (caretaker for the dead) guards the corpse against flies and dirt. The rich Ifugao usually command authority, although fair treatment is accorded to all. Incest is strictly forbidden in Ifugao law. Linguistic boundaries, however, are not quite as clearly delineated. Another ritual sculpture is the komis (fern tree figure), which has a protective function. On one or both sides of the containers, animal heads protrude. The Americans gave the leaders of the community silver-topped canes, which were gifts that added prestige to the latter. They stayed in dormitories called agamang under the care of an old man, a widow, or an elderly unmarried woman. The Banaue Hotel and Youth Hostel was soon constructed in the municipality of Banaue. Pongo (armlets) are also made of copper, with the coils decreasing in width to follow the contour of the arm. The paypayto is an all-male dance, which allows the dancers to show off their skill at jumping in and out of striking sticks. A smaller replica of the house serves as the storehouse for rice. . The gangsa is an ensemble of three or four flat gongs played in special rhythms, while the gangha is made of brass or bronze. The Unpublished Dances of the Philippines. He then takes her to his father Muntalog, who assures her that she and Kabigat have committed no wrongdoing. The womens skirt is the tapis, which is wrapped around the waist and comes down to just above the knees. The hudhud is chanted while the Ifugao work in the field or attend funeral wakes. 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