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By 1574, Tunisia was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, whose control of the region, always tenuous, had all but dissolved by the 19th century. Tunisia was called IfrÄ«qiyyah in the early centuries of the Islamic period. Farther south there is a series of chott (or shaṭṭ; salty lake) depressions. Relief. Carthage fought a series of wars with its rival, Rome. The Tunisian Dorsale, or High Tell, a southwest-northeast–trending mountain range that is an extension of the Saharan Atlas (Atlas Saharien) of Algeria, tapers off in the direction of the Sharīk (Cape Bon) Peninsula in the northeast, south of the Gulf of Tunis. 1 - 20 of 46 results. Tunisia is the smallest of the Maghrib states and consequently the most cohesive. A mean annual rainfall of about 60 inches (1,520 mm) occurs in the Kroumirie Mountains in northwestern Tunisia, making it the wettest region in North Africa, as compared with less than 4 inches (100 mm) at Tozeur (Tawzar) in the southwest. This status was achieved, for example, under the ʿAbbāsids in the 9th century and later under the Ottomans. With the help of Western advisers (mainly French), he created a modern army and navy and related industries. Tunisia is bounded by Algeria to the west and southwest, by Libya to the southeast, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and north. The climate of the country, similar to the topography, is greatly varied. By the sixth and fifth centuries B.C., the great city-state of Carthage (derived from the Phoenician name for ânew cityâ) dominated much of the western Mediterranean. Farther south, streams are intermittent and largely localized in the form of wadis, which are subject to seasonal flooding and terminate inland in chotts. Tunisia’s geographic and historical legacy helped prepare it for the shocks it received in the 19th century as a land caught between an expanding Europe and a declining Ottoman Empire. During the 8th and 9th centuries BC, the Phoenicians became the first of the many civilizations to leave their mark on Tunisia. Independence under the Neo-Destour Party (1956–2011), Factional tension, compromise, and a new constitution, Dissatisfaction with the political establishment and the election of Kais Saied. During the 1990s the government sponsored the construction of a number of dams to control flooding, preserve runoff, and recharge the water table. By the beginning of the 19th century, virtually all of its inhabitants spoke Arabic. This warmth, joined with the country’s renowned hospitality and cuisine, has contributed greatly to Tunisia’s growing popularity as a destination for tourists from throughout Europe and the Americas. The final blow to Tunisia’s sovereignty came at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, when Britain acquiesced to France’s control of Tunisia. Soils. The history of early Tunisia and its indigenous inhabitants, the Berbers, is obscure prior to the founding of Carthage by seafaring Phoenicians from Tyre (in present-day Lebanon) in the 9th century BC .A great mercantile state developed at Carthage (near modern-day Tunis), which proceeded to dominate the western Mediterranean world. As a result, some 200,000 Spanish Muslims settled in the area of Tunis, in the Majardah valley, and on the Sharīk Peninsula in the north, bringing with them their urban culture and more advanced agricultural and irrigation techniques. Is the northernmost point of Africa farther north than the southernmost point of Europe? However, throughout the centuries Tunisia has received various waves of immigration that have included Phoenicians, sub-Saharan Africans, Jews, Romans, Vandals, and Arabs; Muslim refugees from Sicily settled in Al-Sāḥil after their homeland was captured by the Normans in 1091. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In 1830, at the time of the French invasion of Algiers, Tunisia was officially a province of the Ottoman Empire but in reality was an autonomous state. Omissions? Between the limestone peaks of the central Tunisian Dorsale and the mountains of the Northern Tell—which include the sandstone ridges of the Kroumirie Mountains in the northwest that reach elevations of 3,000 feet (900 metres)—and the Mogods, a mountain range running along the deeply indented coastline to the north, lies the Majardah (Medjerda) River valley, formed by a series of ancient lake basins covered with alluvium. Although the story is certainly apocryphal, Carthage nonetheless grew into one of the great cities and preeminent powers of antiquity, and its colonies and entrepôts were scattered throughout the western Mediterranean region. The most famous people of the ancient world to mark the area of modern-day Tunisia were the Phoenicians, who settled here in the 1st millennium BCE and went on to found their legendary capital of Carthage. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? In time the Carthaginians built an empire in the Mediterranean. He did, in 1861, proclaim the first constitution (dustūr; also destour) in the Arabic-speaking world, but this step toward representative government was cut short by runaway debt, a problem exacerbated by the government’s practice of securing loans from European bankers at exorbitant rates. Book Description. Although the Arabs initially unified North Africa, by 1230 a separate Tunisian dynasty had been established by the Ḥafṣids. This book examines the history of Tunisia from the mid-nineteenth century to the present with an emphasis on political, social, economic and cultural developments. Saharan influences give rise to the sirocco, a seasonal hot, blasting wind from the south that can have a serious drying effect on vegetation. However, enemies from within and European intrigues from without conspired to force him from office. This great ethnic diversity is still seen in the variety of Tunisian family names. The amount of precipitation, all falling as rain, varies considerably from north to south. Recovered for Spain in 1535, Tunisia is finally brought under Ottoman control in 1574. After about 5,000 BC they began farming although they still used stone tools. Add to Wishlist. Tunisia has a very unique location. Ruins of the ancient baths at Carthage, Tunisia. 11,274,000), 63,378 sq mi (164,150 sq km), NW Africa. Tunis itself was located near the site of the ancient city-state of Carthage. Occupying the eastern portion of the great bulge of North Africa, Tunisia is bounded on The Romans ruled and settled in North Africa until the 5th century, when the Roman Empire fell and... From Arab Center to French Protectorate. The temperatures are mild along the coast. Founded by the Arabs in the year 670, Kairouan in Arabic means âmilitary campâ. (Page of tag Tunisia) His reforms negatively affected the already stagnant economy, which led to greater debt, higher taxes, and increased unrest in the countryside. List of beys of Tunis. Generally, from mid-autumn to mid-spring, when three-fourths of the annual total occurs, northern Tunisia receives more than 16 inches of rainfall, and the steppe region receives from 4 to 16 inches (100 to 400 mm). The final collapse of the Tunisian beylik came during the reign of Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq (1859–82). History First Peoples. Farming methods reached the Nile Valley from the Fertile Crescent region about 5000 BC, and spread to the Maghreb by about 4000 BC. The following discussion offers a brief summary of Tunisiaâs early history but mainly focuses on Tunisia since about 1800. 278,252 Pages. March 20, 1956, is Independence Day, when Tunisia gained its independence fromFrance. In the country’s most southerly regions, within the Sahara, even these seasonal streams are rare. The kitchen, half of it roofed over and the rest an open courtyard, was a long vertical passage toward the light. The emerging Roman Empire was not happy with these events, and 128 years of Punic Wars ensued. Tunisia is briefly taken in 1534 by the most famous corsair of them all, Khair ed-Din (known to the Europeans as Barbarossa). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Drainage. However, Tunisia remained an authoritarian state with an all-powerful ruling party and no significant institutions of representative government. Category:History of Tunisia | Military Wiki | Fandom. The vast majority of the population was Muslim, with a small Jewish minority. Travel Destinations. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. More acceptable were Aḥmad’s steps to integrate Arabic-speaking native Tunisians fully into the government, which had long been dominated by mamlūks (military slaves) and Turks. On the pretext that Tunisians had encroached on Algerian territory, France invaded Tunisia in 1881 and imposed the Treaty of Bardo, which sanctioned French military occupation of Tunisia, transferred to France the bey’s authority over finance and foreign relations, and provided for the appointment of a French resident minister as intermediary in all matters of common interest. This is a whole app is very easy to use. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. The Phoenicians marched into Tunisia around 1100 BC, establishing their capital, Carthage (just north of todayâs Tunis), as the main power in the western Mediterranean by the 6th century. Paperback; NOOK Book; Hardcover; Tunisia - History. Book Description. It was the Phoenicians that first founded Tunisiaâs most famous city of Carthage, which would eventually rival Rome as the most dominant city on the Mediterranean Sea. The app cover whole Tunisia history from Mesolithic era to Parliamentary system. Travel. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Tunisia is characterized by moderate relief. One name looms above all in Tunisia's history: Carthage. Aḥmad Bey, who ruled from 1837 to 1855, was an avowed modernizer and reformer. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Though sympathetic to the need for reforms, Muḥammad was too weak either to control his own government or to keep the European powers at bay. Author of. When the principal minister, Muṣṭafā Khaznadār (who had served from the earliest days of Aḥmad Bey’s reign), attempted to squeeze more taxes out of the hard-pressed peasants, the countryside rose in a revolt (1864). Brief History of Tunisia: Tunisia is the northern point of Africa. After achieving independence in 1956, Tunisia pursued a progressive social agenda and sought to modernize its economy under two long-serving presidents, Habib Bourguiba and Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali. The summer is hot and dry in the north, and the winter is mild and consists of frequent rains. Because the principal military threat had long come from neighbouring Algeria, the reigning bey of Tunisia, Ḥusayn, cautiously went along with assurances from the French that they had no intention of colonizing Tunisia. Tunisia’s most fertile soils are found in the well-watered intermontane valleys in the north, where rich sandy clay soils formed from alluvium or soils high in lime content cover the valley bottoms and plains. That name, in turn, comes from the Roman word for Africa and the name also given by the Romans to their ⦠Carthage Must Be Destroyed:⦠by Richard Miles. Grid View Grid. Eugene Roe; Project maintenance. Temperatures at Sousse average 44 °F (7 °C) in January and 89 °F (32 °C) in August. Comparable temperatures at Kairouan are 40 °F (4 °C) in January and 99 °F (37 °C) in August. Tunisie, officially Republic of Tunisia, republic (2015 est. In the dry south, moreover, they are often also saline because of excessive evaporation. To the south of the Tunisian Dorsale lies a hilly region known as the Haute Steppe (High Steppes) in the west and the Basse Steppe (Low Steppes) in the east. From the Phoenicians to the French, we've got, (nearly) all of them nailed. In Tunisia, women can pass on their names and nationalities to their children. The highest mountain, Mount Chambi (Al-Shaʿnabī), located near the centre of the Algerian border, rises to 5,066 feet (1,544 metres), while Mount Zaghwān (Zaghouan), about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Tunis, reaches 4,249 feet (1,295 metres). A single major city, Tunis, dominated the countryside both politically and culturally. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central Tunisia then were ancestors of today's Berber tribes. From that time until the establishment of the French protectorate in 1881, Tunisian rulers had to placate the larger powers while working to strengthen the state from within. Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, University of Tunis. The Phoenicians founded Carthage in Tunisia in the 8th century BC. For a more detailed treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see North Africa. Continued civil disturbances and corruption prompted the British and French to force the bey to issue the Fundamental Pact (ʿAhd al-Amān; September 1857), a civil rights charter modeled on the Ottoman rescript of 1839. Independence for Tunisia. Yet, Tunisia proved to be as vulnerable economically as it was militarily. Like much of North Africa, Tunisia's history is one littered with conquests that completely changed the country's path. Add new page. Kenneth Perkins' book traces the history of Tunisia from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. pop. Kairouan. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The humid coastal plain in the east, running between the Gulf of Hammamet and the Gulf of Gabes, where Tunisia’s thriving olive plantations are found, is the most agriculturally productive of these coarse-textured soil areas. A small state with limited resources, Tunisia nonetheless managed to retain considerable autonomy within the framework of the larger empires that frequently ruled it from afar. Most visited articles. Tunisia’s culture is highly diverse, in part because of long periods of Ottoman and then French rule but also because populations of Jews and Christians have lived among a Muslim majority for centuries. The vegetation and animal life of the country are affected by these erratic climatic conditions. Then from about 1100 BC the Phoeniciansfrom what is now Lebanon settled and traded in the area. It was made during the reformist ministry of Khayr al-Dīn (1873–77), one of the most effective statesmen of the 19th-century Muslim world. At night, each locked himself in his room, but in the morning, life was always communal. The climate can be divided into two major areas, the north, influenced by the Mediterranean, and the south, influenced by the Saharan desert. Friday, January 14, 2011, became a new date and a specialchapter in the periodization of the history of Tunisia since independence,just like March 20, 1956 (Independence Day), or April 9, 1938.¹ This key1. Stone-age to the modern age in two and a half minutes? A Brief History of Tunisia Muslim Conquest. Large plains border the eastern coasts; south of Sousse lies Al-Sāḥil (Sahel) and south of Gabès is Al-Jifārah (Gefara) Plain. Tunisia, country of North Africa. Explore. The Glory Days of Carthage. Tunisia’s accessible Mediterranean Sea coastline and strategic location have attracted conquerors and visitors throughout the ages, and its ready access to the Sahara has brought its people into contact with the inhabitants of the African interior. From north to south, the cork oak forest of the Kroumirie Mountains, with its fern undergrowth sheltering wild boars, gives way to scrub and steppes covered with esparto grass and populated with small game and to the desert, where hunting is forbidden so as to preserve the remaining gazelles.
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